21st Century Research Articles

Continuum of maternal and new-natal health care: empirical evidence from 10 developing countries in South and South East Asia

Maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity, particularly in developing countries, are high even in the twenty-first century, which is a cause for concern. Therefore, this paper examines the Continuum of Mother and Neonatal Health Care (MNH), i.e., at least four ante-natal care visits (ANC 4 +), skilled birth attendance at delivery (SBA), post-natal care (PNC), and its determinants in 10 developing countries in Asia. It uses Demographic and Household Survey data (2014–2021) and finds that only 46% of women received all the MNH services, and 8% did not receive any services. In Afghanistan, only 2.8% of women availed complete care of MNH services, followed by Timor-Leste (26.1%), Bangladesh (31.5%), Pakistan (35.1%), and Nepal (38.8%). Empirical analysis shows that women with higher education, those living in urban areas, from wealthy families, and female-headed households have higher odds of availing all MNH. Media exposure, ease of access to MNH services, and the women who have attended the first ANC at less than four months of pregnancy have higher odds of availing all three MNH services. Therefore, the MNH policy should target women in rural areas who have a lower level of education and come from low-income families to improve the mother and neonatal health situation in South and Southeast Asia.

Global Governance for Personalized Medicine, Politics of Uncertainty, and Pierre Bourdieu.

How we choose to respond to uncertainty matters for robust and responsible science. New laws and consensus reports are popular instruments for global governance of emerging technology and attendant uncertainty. However, the sociologist Pierre Bourdieu noted that "[t]he judicial situation operates like a neutral space that neutralizes the stakes in any conflict through the de-realization and distancing implicit in the conversion of a direct struggle between parties into a dialogue between mediators." Put in other words, while law and legal modes of reasoning are certainly useful for conflict resolution and closure, their overprivileging in emerging technology and uncertainty governance can potentially bring about depoliticization by transforming the struggles and dissent necessary for democratic governance into a "dialogue between mediators." Hence, the critical sociological gaze offered by Bourdieu is particularly relevant for democratization of global governance of multiomics technologies and timely with the current uptake of personalized medicine. For example, in May 2023, the Romanian government introduced a law to give patients the right to personalized medicine. Personalized medicine is related to the larger umbrella concept and field of theranostics, the fusion of therapeutics and diagnostics. It is therefore timely to reflect on a "right for theranostics in planetary health," considering the potential for future pandemics and ecological crises in the 21st century. Rather than forcing consensus or convergence in an innovation ecosystem, dissent grounded in rigorous political theory, sociology of law and critical legal studies can strengthen democratization and global governance for personalized medicine and multiomics technologies.

Examining 21st century teaching competencies: A study of public elementary school teachers in Patikul West District, MBHTE-Sulu

Examining 21st century teaching competencies: A study of public elementary school teachers in Patikul West District, MBHTE-Sulu

StudyNotion - An Edtech Website

In an era defined by rapid technological advancement, education stands as a crucial arena ripe for transformation. Our Edtech website emerges as a beacon of innovation, aiming to revolutionize traditional learning paradigms through the seamless integration of cutting-edge technology. With a multifaceted approach, our platform offers a comprehensive suite of tools and resources tailored to meet the diverse needs of students, educators, and institutions alike. At the heart of our platform lies a commitment to accessibility and inclusivity, ensuring that learning opportunities transcend geographical boundaries and socioeconomic barriers. Through interactive modules, engaging content, and personalized learning pathways, we empower learners to cultivate their intellectual curiosity and unlock their full potential. For educators, our platform serves as a dynamic hub for professional development, fostering collaboration, and knowledge sharing within a vibrant community of practice. From virtual classrooms to collaborative project management tools, we provide the scaffolding necessary to facilitate effective teaching in the digital age.Furthermore, our platform harnesses the power of data analytics and artificial intelligence to deliver actionable insights and personalized recommendations, facilitating data-driven decision-making and enhancing learning outcomes. In essence, our Edtech website represents more than just a digital learning platform; it embodies a vision for the future of education—one where technology serves as a catalyst for empowerment, innovation, and lifelong learning. Join us on this transformative journey as we redefine the possibilities of education in the 21st century and beyond. This abstract succinctly captures the essence of the Edtech website, highlighting its goals, features, and the transformative potential it holds for education.The abstract for the Edtech Website project encapsulates the endeavor to create an innovative educational platform tailored for diverse learners. This project aims to develop a user-friendly website offering interactive learning resources, personalized study tools, and collaborative features. Key objectives include providing seamless navigation, curating diverse educational content, implementing adaptive learning algorithms, and fostering real-time collaboration among students and educators. Emphasizing scalability, compatibility, and security, the website seeks to empower learners globally with accessible, engaging, and personalized learning experiences, ultimately fostering academic excellence and lifelong learning opportunities.

The Influence of Learning Models cooperative Make a Match type and media based Canva app against level HOTS thinking of students

Build existence The Indonesian nation with character in the 21st century is challenge for Indonesian nation. This model help student understand material in a way effective through card answers and games ask answer so that learning become more fun and not boring. Formulation problem is there is influence of learning models cooperative type Make a Match against level think HOTS students in the eyes social studies class IV Gugus RA Kartini, Bumi Raya District, Regency Morowali, Is there is media- based influence Canva app against level think HOTS students in the eyes social studies class IV Gugus RA Kartini, Bumi Raya District, Regency Morowali. Research purposes Analyze influence of learning models cooperative Make a Match type against level think HOTS students in the eyes social studies class IV Gugus RA Kartini, Bumi Raya District, Regency Morowali, Analyzing media- based influence Canva app against level think HOTS students in the eyes social studies class IV Gugus RA Kartini, Bumi Raya District, Regency Morowali. method study experiment is method research conducted​ with experiment, which is used For know influence variable independent ( treatment ) towards variable dependent ( result ) in controlled conditions.​ Research result Analysis statistics descriptive aim For describe achievement results Study so that known HOTS thinking level of students with apply the learning model cooperative Make a Match type in class experiment and use application media Canva- based classes control.

Cytopathology: From its humble beginnings to the birth of the cytopathology fellowship.

Cytopathology or cytology as a field has grown remarkably in the 20th and 21st centuries with recent advances shaping the way we train our future colleagues and how we currently practice. This article explores the history of cytopathology tracing back as early as the 18th century with focus on the birth of the cytopathology fellowship in the United States.

Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Buku Ensiklopedia Famili Malvaceae Melalui Penelitian Pengembangan

The 21st century is called the information century for all aspects of life. One of the abilities that 21st century education must have is critical thinking. Statistics on critical thinking abilities of biology students show that these abilities are still lacking. The use of teaching materials is one method for training critical thinking skills. The Encyclopedia Book is an instructional resource created during this project. To improve the quality of a product developed in the form of an encyclopedia, development research is needed. Seven types of plants from the Malvaceae family which are often found in the Banua Botanical Gardens are included in the encyclopedia created. The EDR (Educational Design Research) research method was applied in the study of making this encyclopedia. In terms of developing students' critical thinking skills, the results of the expected effectiveness test are in the good category with a total average score of 76.3%, while actual effectiveness is in the very good category with a total average score of 87.13%. This is suitable for use as a teaching tool both in theory and practice.

Recent and projected changes in climate patterns in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region

Observational and reanalysis datasets reveal a northward shift of the convective regions over northern Africa in summer and an eastward shift in winter in the last four decades, with the changes in the location and intensity of the thermal lows and subtropical highs also modulating the dust loading and cloud cover over the Middle East and North Africa region. A multi-model ensemble from ten models of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project—sixth phase gives skillful simulations when compared to in-situ measurements and generally captures the trends in the ERA-5 data over the historical period. For the most extreme climate change scenario and towards the end of the twenty-first century, the subtropical highs are projected to migrate poleward by 1.5°, consistent with the projected expansion of the Hadley Cells, with a weakening of the tropical easterly jet in the summer by up to a third and a strengthening of the subtropical jet in winter typically by 10% except over the eastern Mediterranean where the storm track is projected to shift polewards. The length of the seasons is projected to remain about the same, suggesting the warming is likely to be felt uniformly throughout the year.

Scientific Study of Brassinosteroids on Production of Fruit Crops: A Review

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are considered as the sixth group of plant growth regulators with significant growth promoting activity in many horticulture and agriculture crops. This phytohormone was discovered from the pollen of Brassica napus L. on the basis of their ability to promote growth. Currently, more than 70 BRs have been isolated from different plant species, but only three viz., Brassinolide (BL), 24-Epibrassinolide (EBL) and 28-Homobrassinolide (HBL) are found to be the most biologically active forms and extensively used in various crops. They are eco-friendly, effective at very low concentration, cost effective and almost always have synergetic effect when interacts with other phytohormones. Owing to diverse physiological roles and cross talk with other hormones influence on plant growth and development, they are being collectively referred as ‘pleiotropic phytohormone’. Although, BRs were discovered towards the end of twentieth century, but the dynamic applications and outcomes were reported mainly during the inception of twenty first century, hence BRs were termed as ‘hormone of the twenty-first century’. The application of BRs at different growth stages have been reported to positively influences such as nutrients uptakes, growth, yield and quality attributes on many fruit crops which includes tropical, sub-tropical and temperate fruit crops at very low concentrations have great roles in terms of growth, yield, fruit quality and stress tolerance mechanisms, which results to lucrative adventure of farming community. This review article will provide an elucidated insight into the application of BR in different fruit crops.

Cultural Sociology in Mexico: Meaning-Making as Hybridization, Power, and Cultural Structure

This article analyzes how, at a very early stage, Mexican cultural sociologists explained meaning-making processes using a set of factors external to the cultural sphere and how, more recently, they have emphasized that such meaning-making processes have analytical autonomy. Mexican cultural sociology is marked by a dominant model based on the works of Gramsci, Bourdieu, and the Birmingham School that was built in the late 1970s; this model was derived from the analysis of cultural consumption and reached the peak of its development in the 1990s with the concept of cultural hybridization and efforts to introduce semiotics into cultural interpretation. At the beginning of the 21st century, decolonial theory and the ‘strong program’ in cultural sociology opened new avenues of reflection in Mexican cultural sociology.

Net primary production annual maxima in the North Atlantic projected to shift in the 21st century

Abstract. Shifts in the day of peak net primary production (NPP) were detected in different biogeochemical provinces of the North Atlantic (25–65° N). Most provinces displayed a shift toward earlier peak NPP, with the largest change points in the 21st century and in the northern parts of the domain. Furthermore, the occurrences of the first day with a mixed-layer depth (MLD) shallower than 40 m and the day of peak NPP are positively correlated over most of the domain. As was the case for the day of peak NPP, the largest change points for the day of MLD shallower than 40 m occur around or after the year 2000. Daily output from two fully coupled CMIP6 Earth system models, EC-Earth3-CC and NorESM2-LM, for the period 1750–2100 and under the SSP5-8.5 scenario, were used for the analysis. The ESM NPP data were compared with estimates derived from Carbon, Absorption and Fluorescence Euphotic-resolving (CAFE) satellite-based data. The ESMs showed significant differences from the CAFE model, though the timing of peak NPP was well captured for most provinces. The largest change points in the day of peak NPP occur earlier in EC-Earth3-CC than in NorESM2-LM. Although SSP5-8.5 is a scenario with very high warming, EC-Earth3-CC generates change points for most provinces in the early part of the 21st century, before the warming has deviated far from lower-emissions scenarios. NorESM2-LM displays the largest change points centered around the mid 21st century, with two out of eight provinces displaying the largest change point before the year 2050. The early timing of the detected shifts in some provinces in both ESMs suggests that similar shifts could already have been initiated or could start in the near future. This highlights the need for long-term monitoring campaigns in the North Atlantic.

Modelling 21st century refugia and impact of climate change on Amazonia's largest primates

Edaphic and vegetation conditions can render climatically suitable sites inadequate for a species to persist, constraining the amount of suitable habitat and the possibilities of tracking preferred climatic conditions as they shift in response to climate change. We combined climatic and remotely sensed data to model current and future distributions of nine extant taxa of ateline primates across the Amazon basin. We used the models to identify and quantify potential range changes and refugia of suitable habitat from the present to the latter half of the 21st century. We applied an ensemble forecasting approach for species distribution models using 596 spatially rarefied occurrences. We parameterised these models combining reflectance data from a basin‐wide Landsat TM/ETM+ image composite, and three sets of bioclimatic layers containing data for the current time period, and two different (moderate and worst‐case) climate change scenarios for 2041–2070. Eight out of nine taxa are likely to experience pronounced range losses, with seven of them predicted to lose over 50% of their currently suitable habitats irrespective of climate change scenarios. Modelled ateline richness exhibited a broad decrease in high‐richness areas, and a possible redistribution along the northernmost parts of western Amazonia. Refugia from 21st century climate change for the whole complex were mostly concentrated in western Amazonia, especially in its southern part. We identified hotspots of vulnerability to climate change and 21st century refugia for all Amazonian atelines while accounting for habitat characteristics that are important to guarantee the continued existence of suitable habitats for these strictly arboreal taxa. Increasing the understanding of climate change impacts on Amazonia's largest primates can help to inform spatial conservation planning decisions and management to sustain forest‐dwelling biodiversity over large areas such as Amazonia.

Characteristics of extreme meteorological droughts over the Brazilian Pantanal throughout the 21st century

The Brazilian Pantanal is a remarkable ecosystem, encompassing vital aspects such as fish, fruit, and grain production, greenhouse gas emission regulation, temperature and precipitation modulation, and groundwater recharge. However, 2019 and 2020 experienced prolonged and severe drought that profoundly impacted the Pantanal region. Although these impacts are still under review, their effects on wildlife, vegetation, and the local population are undeniable. To enhance our understanding of the magnitude and consequences of the 2019/2020 drought, the present study conducted a comprehensive evaluation of drought occurrences in the Pantanal biome. Utilizing two well-established drought indices, the standard precipitation index (SPI) and the standard precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI), we analyzed the available observational data provided by the Climate Research Unit (CRU). Additionally, we endeavored to project droughts throughout the 21st century, thereby facilitating the visualization of potential reoccurrences of hazardous events in the Pantanal area. Two regional climate model (RCM) ensembles, the Eta ensemble (E1) and CORDEX ensemble (E2), along with representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios) were used to project the severity of droughts in the Brazilian Pantanal until 2098/2099. The findings indicate that the hydrological year of 2019/2020 was the driest on record in the Pantanal over the past 80 years. The E1 ensemble did not project such an extreme event, whereas the E2 ensemble forecasted extreme droughts before the 2040s under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Using the SPEI, both ensembles showed similar results, with extreme droughts projected toward the end of the 21st century. Notably, the SPI demonstrated effectiveness in detecting short-term droughts, while the SPEI was more efficient for long-term assessments, projecting extreme drought events for the last two decades. The SPEI, employed with the Eta and CORDEX ensembles, can provide valuable insights into drought projections. Moreover, the potential recurrence of extreme droughts, characterized by significant below-average precipitation spanning vast areas throughout the hydrological year, poses a severe threat to the Pantanal biome in this century.

Normalizing Relations from the Cold War to the Present: Continuing War, Pursuing Peace, and Building Empire

Abstract “Normalization of relations” is a phrase of recent origin, widely used by scholars, politicians, and journalists. Defining normalization, however, is remarkably difficult. While we know a great deal about specific instances of normalization, we lack a sustained study of normalization itself, a gap this article begins to address. Using case studies of U.S. relations with China, Vietnam, and Cuba, this article examines the idea of normalization, its history, and its consequences. Focusing on pivotal moments in which “normalization” was at stake, we argue that in the American rendering, normalization was a process that unfolded in three phases. In turn, normalizing relations became a key nonmilitary means through which U.S. officials escalated and then deescalated the Cold War. Like other facets of U.S. diplomacy of the postwar period, normalization policies were premised on many of the assumptions and institutions of the “liberal international order” and have endured into the twenty-first century.

The carbonate pump feedback on alkalinity and the carbon cycle in the 21st century and beyond

Abstract. Ocean acidification is likely to impact all stages of the ocean carbonate pump, i.e. the production, export, dissolution and burial of biogenic CaCO3. However, the associated feedback on anthropogenic carbon uptake and ocean acidification has received little attention. It has previously been shown that Earth system model (ESM) carbonate pump parameterizations can affect and drive biases in the representation of ocean alkalinity, which is critical to the uptake of atmospheric carbon and provides buffering capacity towards associated acidification. In the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), we show divergent responses of CaCO3 export at 100 m this century, with anomalies by 2100 ranging from −74 % to +23 % under a high-emission scenario. The greatest export declines are projected by ESMs that consider pelagic CaCO3 production to depend on the local calcite/aragonite saturation state. Despite the potential effects of other processes on alkalinity, there is a robust negative correlation between anomalies in CaCO3 export and salinity-normalized surface alkalinity across the CMIP6 ensemble. Motivated by this relationship and the uncertainty in CaCO3 export projections across ESMs, we perform idealized simulations with an ocean biogeochemical model and confirm a limited impact of carbonate pump anomalies on 21st century ocean carbon uptake and acidification. However, we highlight a potentially abrupt shift, between 2100 and 2300, in the dissolution of CaCO3 from deep to subsurface waters when the global-scale mean calcite saturation state reaches about 1.23 at 500 m (likely when atmospheric CO2 reaches 900–1100 ppm). During this shift, upper ocean acidification due to anthropogenic carbon uptake induces deep ocean acidification driven by a substantial reduction in CaCO3 deep dissolution following its decreased export at depth. Although the effect of a diminished carbonate pump on global ocean carbon uptake and surface ocean acidification remains limited until 2300, it can have a large impact on regional air–sea carbon fluxes, particularly in the Southern Ocean.

Tetrahedral Representative-Based Reaction Kinetics Teaching Materials with an Ethnoscience Approach to Improve Students' Critical Thinking Ability

Critical thinking is part of the skills needed in science learning in the 21st century. However, the PISA test results show that the level of critical thinking abilities of students in Indonesia is still relatively low. This research was carried out as an effort to overcome this, by developing teaching materials on reaction kinetics based on tetrahedral representations with an ethnoscience approach to improve students' critical thinking skills. This research was carried out in development stages involving 5 expert and practitioner validators and 66 students. Data was collected using questionnaires, observation sheets and test instruments. The data analysis technique used is descriptive data analysis technique, namely by describing the validity, practicality and effectiveness of the teaching materials being developed. The results of this research show that the teaching materials developed are very valid with a validity score of 90.91% and very practical with a practicality score of 90.97%. These results indicate that the teaching materials developed are suitable for use in order to improve students' critical thinking abilities.

Amitav Ghosh's Gun Island: Digital Age Man as Technology Possessed Impersonal Systems

One of the unique cultural phenomena of the twenty-first century is the rising use of digital and computational technology and devices, where space for the imaginative and the emotional necessitates, quite naturally, a new reconfiguration. This reconfiguration is evident in the way people interact with each other and the world around them. The internet has created a global community where people can connect and communicate with each other instantly, regardless of distance or time zones. Social media platforms have become a ubiquitous part of modern life, allowing individuals to share their thoughts, feelings, and experiences with others on a massive scale. As we continue to embrace these new technologies, they continue to shape culture in ways that one cannot yet imagine. Amitav Ghosh’s Gun Island unfolds on a global scale and mirrors global issues that have transformed the life of both human and non-human world. This study explores the impact of technology and social media in the twenty first century human world at large in the novel Gun Island written by Amitav Ghosh

Uncovering how in-service teachers are learning about technology in language teaching and learning

As emerging technologies rapidly evolve, language teachers in the 21st century face an increasing challenge in determining how to integrate them in their language classrooms. A crucial element for successful technology integration is for teachers to hold sufficient proficiency in technology and adopt active attitudes towards their own professional learning. While an abundance of learning resources is currently available, much still remains unknown about what language teachers are doing to enhance their knowledge and skills in technology. The current study therefore examined how in-service language teachers are learning about technology for instructional purposes and their reasoning behind using specific learning methods. Data were collected through an initial wide-scale questionnaire (n=179), in-depth interviews (n=19), and a post-interview questionnaire (n=19). The findings suggest that the language teachers were relying on a wide variety of online materials and tools—searching the web, reading mailing lists, connecting with teachers via social media, and watching videos, among others. Due to reasons related to finances, geographical locations, time, prevailing social situations, and attitudes, they appeared to be choosing to use informal and self-directed modes of learning over formal teacher training courses. Based on the findings, the current challenges facing language teachers who are learning about technology were identified, and implications for future technology preparation in language teacher education are suggested.

Context-Aware System for Information Flow Management in Factories of the Future

The trends of the 21st century are challenging the traditional production process due to the reduction in the life cycle of products and the demand for more complex products in greater quantities. Industry 4.0 (I4.0) was introduced in 2011 and it is recognized as the fourth industrial revolution, with the aim of improving manufacturing processes and increasing the competitiveness of industry. I4.0 uses technological concepts such as Cyber-Physical Systems, Internet of Things and Cloud Computing to create services, reduce costs and increase productivity. In addition, concepts such as Smart Factories are emerging, which use context awareness to assist people and optimize tasks based on data from the physical and virtual world. This article explores and applies the capabilities of context-aware applications in industry, with a focus on production lines. In specific, this paper proposes a context-aware application based on a microservices approach, intended for integration into a context-aware information system, with specific application in the area of manufacturing. The manuscript presents a detailed architecture for structuring the application, explaining components, functions and contributions. The discussion covers development technologies, integration and communication between the application and other services, as well as experimental findings, which demonstrate the applicability and advantages of the proposed solution.

SOCIAL MEDIA INFLUENCERS ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR

The think about the complex intuitive that exist between social media influencers and shopper behavior in the present day advanced world, highlighting the imperative part that influencers play in impacting client inclinations, buying choices, and sees of brands. The inquire about looks at how influencers influence buyer conduct utilizing a mixed-methods approach that incorporates studies, interviews, and quantitative examination of social media engagement measurements. It emphasizes relatability, believe, and realness as significant components in building connections between influencers and their adherents. The victory characteristics of influencer showcasing campaigns, moral issues counting straightforwardness and genuineness, the maintainability of influencer showcasing in the confront of changing social media patterns, and the plausibility of influencer weakness are a few of the major subjects that were inspected. This think about includes to the body of information as of now in presence, which makes a difference marketers, businesses, and governments explore the ever-changing world of advanced showcasing in the twenty-first century. Keywords: Influencer weakness, Advanced showcasing, Social media engagement measurements, Influencer promoting campaigns, Buyer behavior, Social media influencers